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Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) are common, important respiratory pathogens, but HRSV has a substantially greater impact with regard to acute disease, long-term effects on airway function, and frequency of re-infection. It has been reported to strongly interfere with the functioning of dendritic cells (DC). We compared...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into host cells is mediated by the trimeric envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). Accordingly, the Env proteins are the targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and are the focus of vaccines intended to induce NAbs. Because the Env complex is labile, soluble recombinant Env (gp140) trimers require engineering to stabilize them sufficiently for use...
RT-PCR using a commercial kit for yellow head virus (YHV) detection in growth-retarded shrimp yielded an unusual 777 bp amplicon instead of expected amplicons of 277 bp for YHV type-1 (YHV-1) or 406 bp for YHV type-2 (YHV-2). Cloning and sequencing (GenBank EU170438) revealed approximately 80% identity to non-structural (NS) ORF1b sequences of both YHV-1 (GenBank AA083987) and YHV-2 (GenBank AF227196),...
To test requirement for apoptin in the replication of chicken anemia virus (CAV), an apoptin-knockout clone, pCAV/Ap(−), was constructed. DNA replication was completely abolished in cells transfected with replicative form of CAV/Ap(−). A reverse mutant competent in apoptin production regained the full level of DNA replication. DNA replication and virus-like particle (VLP) production of CAV/Ap(−) was...
CD40 ligand (CD40L) is mainly expressed in activated CD4 + T cells and interacts with CD40 on antigen-presenting cells to regulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. We previously reported that CD40L is acquired by emerging HIV-1 particles. Here we demonstrate that both wild-type and a non-functional mutated form of CD40L are incorporated within HIV-1. Importantly, we show that wild-type...
Expression of oncogenes, such as the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E7 oncoprotein, promotes aberrant cell proliferation. In the absence of concurrent mitogenic stimuli, this triggers a cell-intrinsic defense mechanism, the “trophic sentinel response”, which eliminates such aberrant cells. The molecular pathways that elicit this response, however, remain obscure. We set up an experimental system...
Genetic and environmental factors will influence the growth of an RNA virus, but their relative contributions are challenging to resolve because standard culture methods mask how virus particles interact with individual host cells. Here, single particles of vesicular stomatitis virus, a prototype RNA virus, were used to infect individual BHK cells. Infected cells produced 50 to 8000 progeny virus...
Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) plays a key role in regulating viral latency and EBV pathogenesis by functionally mimicking signals induced by the B-cell receptor (BCR) altering normal B cell development. As c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase (E3) is a critical negative regulator in the BCR signal pathway, the role of c-Cbl in the function and formation of the LMP2A signalosome...
Introduction: We hypothesized that pleocytosis, which is a marker of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, would result in viral genetic equilibration or de-compartmentalization between HIV populations in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), suggesting viral trafficking.Methods: Study subjects, who started or interrupted their antiretroviral treatment, had viral loads measured and clonal...
The baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) single-stranded DNA binding protein LEF-3 is a multi-functional protein that is required to transport the helicase protein P143 into the nucleus of infected cells where they function to replicate viral DNA. The N-terminal 56 amino acid region of LEF-3 is required for nuclear transport. In this report, we analyzed the...
Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children throughout the world, but rotavirus cases in developing countries account for nearly all of the ∼600,000 annual deaths. We studied the epidemiology of rotavirus in 22 rural communities in northern coastal Ecuador over a five-year period. From 250 rotavirus positive stool specimens, the percentage that could...
During viral infection, viral immediate-early (IE) genes encode regulatory proteins critical for the viral life cycle. Here we screened white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) IE genes with cycloheximide (CHX)-treated primary culture of crayfish hemocyte and a WSSV genome tiling microarray. Sixteen ORFs, including a known WSSV IE gene (ie1/wsv069), were identified and confirmed by RT-PCR and time course...
Different viruses exploit the host cytoskeleton to facilitate replication and spread. The conserved US3 protein of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus induces actin stress fiber disassembly and formation of actin-containing cell projections, which are associated with enhanced intercellular virus spread. Proteins of members of other virus families, notably vaccinia virus F11L protein and human...
M2 protein of influenza A virus has been implicated as a target for vaccines with broad cross-strain coverage. Studies in small animal models have shown that antibody responses induced by 23-mer M2 peptide vaccines can provide protection against influenza A virus challenge. To study antiviral mechanisms of Merck M2-OMPC conjugate vaccine, we generated and characterized four M2 peptide-specific monoclonal...
EBV encodes latent membrane protein (LMP)-2A that functions as a homologue of the activated BCR. We have previously shown that LMP-2A transactivates a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K18, in infected B-lymphocytes. The Env protein of HERV-K18 encodes a superantigen that strongly stimulates a large number of T cells. To delineate the mechanism through which LMP-2A transactivates HERV-K18 env, we...
Vaccinia virus intermediate and late class transcriptional promoters each have two essential sequence elements: an initiator at the transcriptional start site and an upstream core element. Many of the transcription units in the viral genome are oriented divergently with insufficient nucleotides between the start of the open reading frames to accommodate two separate upstream core elements in their...
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope (E) protein has been shown to play a critical role in attachment to cells. However, the receptor interacting with envelope protein has not been conclusively identified. Using mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells and purified JEV-E protein in ‘Virus Overlay Protein Binding Assay’ followed by MALDI-TOF analysis, we identified ‘heat shock protein 70’ (Hsp70)...
Infectious Bronchitis Virus, a member of the Coronaviridae, is a respiratory pathogen in poultry. We found that in vitro stimulation with IBV resulted in ChIFN-γ production in splenocytes of both infected birds and uninfected birds. The non-specific stimulation did not occur when other avian viruses or other coronaviruses were used or when mammalian cells were stimulated with IBV. Inactivation of...
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